Mada za sehemu hiiNatural Groups Of OrganismMada 26
- General overview of classification
- Viruses.
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protoctista
- Phylum Rhizopoda
- Phylum Zoomastigna
- Phylum Apicomplexa
- Phylum Euglenophyta.
- Phylum Oomycota.
- Phylum Chlorophyta.
- Kingdom Fungi
- Phylum Zygomycota
- Phylum Ascomycota.
- Phylum Basidiomycota
- Advantages and disadvantages of the kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Division Bryophyta.
- Division Filicinophyta (Pteridophyta).
- Division Coniferophyta (Conifers).
- Division Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)
- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Phylum Aschelminthes (Nematoda)
- Phylum Annelida.
- Phylum Arthropoda.
- Phylum Chordata
- They are adapted to aquatic environments ranging from fresh to marine water, for example, their sexual reproduction relies on water as they produce motile sperms which have to move in water medium to fertilise the egg.
- They are photoautotrophs and have chlorophyll
$a$and$b$and other photosynthetic pigments such as carotenoids used in photosynthesis. - They have cell walls made up of cellulose.
- They store carbohydrates in the form of starch.
- They possess large vacuole for osmoregulation.
- They occur in a great range of sizes and forms, including unicellular, filamentous, colonial and thalloid forms.
Chlorophytes are distinguished from other species of Protoctists by the following features
- They have spiral chloroplasts with pyrenoids.
- They have central suspended nucleus with cytoplasmic strands.
- They show an isomorphic and haplontic alternation of generations
Spirogyra is a genus of filamentous green algae which have helical or spirally arranged chloroplast as a characteristic feature of this genus. They have thin strands of cytoplasm in which the prominent nucleus is suspended, and their spiral chloroplasts embedded in the cytoplasm bear the structure called pyrenoid for starch storage. The cell wall contains cellulose at the inner layer, and the outer layer contains pectin, which is responsible for the slippery surface of algae. Surrounding the cell wall, there is mucilage, which thickens the cell membrane, store water and food. Moreover, Spirogyra has long, unbranched filaments with cylindrical cells that are joined end to end. Each cell has a central vacuole. The cells are long and thin filaments, and sometimes these filaments develop root-like structures for attachment to the substrate.
Spirogyra is able to live and thrive in its environment due to the following adaptive features:
- It has pyrenoids for storage of starch.
- It has a large vacuole for osmo regulation.
- It has chlorophyll
$a$and$b$for photosynthesis, hence it is an autotroph. - It has mucilage layer to protect it from desiccation and infection.
- It has a cellulose cell wall for strength and protection
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