Cross Section

1. Define vertical exaggeration — Vertical Exaggeration (V.E) is the number of times by which the vertical scale is larger than the horizontal scale.
2. Express V.E mathematically — V.E is expressed as:

$\text{V.E} = \frac{\text{Horizontal scale (HS)}}{\text{Vertical scale (VS)}}$

3. Identify the horizontal scale — the horizontal scale is the map scale/ground scale.
4. Ensure unit consistency — both HS and VS should be in the same units of measurement when calculating.

1. Understand inter visibility — in reading a map, it is important to know whether one place is visible from another or not.
2. Apply to cross sections — in a cross section, two places (A and B) represent two observation points, and it must be determined whether the two places are inter-visible.

1. Define gradient — gradient refers to the measure of slope.
2. Explain slope measurement — gradient/slope is measured by comparing the vertical distance to the horizontal distance.
3. Calculate on maps — in map reading, the calculation of gradient is done by comparing the vertical interval between two places and the horizontal distance between them.

1. Define V.I — V.I is the difference in height between the two places.
2. Calculate V.I — it can be obtained by subtracting the altitude of the lower point from the altitude of the higher point:

$\text{V.I} = \text{Highest Contour} - \text{Lowest Contour}$

1. State the gradient formula — gradient is calculated as:

$\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{Vertical Interval (V.I)}}{\text{Horizontal Distance}}$

2. Measure horizontal distance — the horizontal distance is measured on the map and then converted into ground distance using the map scale.
3. Ensure unit consistency — in calculating the gradient, both vertical and horizontal lengths must be in the same unit of length.