Mada za sehemu hiiInternational AffairsMada 6
- Concept of foreign policy
- Bilateral Cooperation
- Multilateral Cooperation
- International peace and Understanding
- United Nations and Organization (UN)
- Globalization
The world experienced many tensions, conflicts and threats from big nations such as Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Australia, Hungary and Japan in the 1900s. The tension among these nations led to First World War (1914-1918) and Second World War (1939-1945).
The peaceful atmosphere of the world was disrupted as battle and deaths prevailed. The period between the First World War was characterized by efforts of the concerned big states to look at the means through which worldwide peace and security can be maintained.
After the First World War, the League of Nations was formed in 1919. Its major task was to supervise peace in the world by controlling the aggressive nations such as Germany and Italy. However, the League of Nations proved to be a toothless dog that could bark without biting since aggressive actions continued and rearmament progressed. These actions led to the outbreak of the Second World War. After the nations had proved failure and had to be changed or transformed to United Nations organization (UNO). Its major task, like its predecessor, was to make sure that there is no occurrence of another world war. The UNO thus came into existence on 24th October 1945 when five big powers ratified the charter. These were China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the United Kingdom and the USA.
- To maintain international peace and security;
- To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
- To cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms;
- To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations in attaining joint ends.
- The organisation is based on the sovereign equality of all its members;
- All members, to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them by the Charter;
- All members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace, security, and justice are not endangered;
- All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state or any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations;
- All members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter and shall refrain from assisting any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action;
- The organisation shall ensure that states which are not members of the United Nations act by these principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security; and
Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters that are essentially within any state's domestic jurisdiction or shall require the members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter.
- Since 1988, the UN has played an instrumental role in bringing about settlements to long running civil wars and foreign armed intervention. For example, UN in Afghanistan, Mozambique, El Salvador, Namibia, Angola, etc.
- Influencing decolonisation and writing constitutions, organising and monitoring elections as well as establishing administrative and financial organs for the new states
- To handle armed conflicts
- To invoke sanctions against aggressive states
- To settle some disputes in the world
- To control armament in the world
- To fight for human rights in the world
- To promote environmental conservation
- To fight against terrorism
Strengths
- Remarkable reduction in the number of wars
- Non-existence of any other organisation with universal membership legitimacy
- Ending several conflicts, reducing tensions, and improving development in many regions
- Establishment of International Criminal Tribunals
- Establishment of a Counter-Terrorism Committee
Limitations
- Lack of global representation
- Inability to act effectively in areas of interest to the permanent members of the Security Council
- Lack of a standing army
- Peacekeepers' abuses
- The United Nations is inadequately equipped to deal with new international security threats
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