Mada za sehemu hiiWaterMada 7
- Introduction and Occurrence of water.
- Sources of water
- The water cycle
- Properties of water
- Treatment and purification of water
- Uses of water
- Solubility of different substances in water and organic solvents
Solubility is the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a liquid (solvent) to form a solution. Substances can be soluble (dissolve completely), slightly soluble, or insoluble (do not dissolve).
- Solvent: A solvent is a substance that dissolves another substance, called the solute.
- Solute: The solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
- Solubility: Solubility refers to the amount of a substance that can dissolve in a solvent.
Water is a polar solvent, while organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, benzene, and acetone are usually non-polar or slightly polar.
"Like dissolves like" This means polar substances dissolve in polar solvents (like water), and non-polar substances dissolve in non-polar solvents (like benzene or ether).
- Inorganic salts (e.g., sodium chloride, potassium nitrate)
- Acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid)
- Bases (e.g., sodium hydroxide)
- Sugar
- Ethanol (even though it is an organic compound, it is polar)
Reason: These substances are polar or ionic and can interact well with water molecules.
- Oils
- Fats
- Waxes
- Iodine
- Sulfur
- Naphthalene
- Chloroform
- Grease
Reason: These substances are non-polar, and they dissolve well in non-polar organic solvents.
- Petrol
- Vegetable oils
- Butter
- Paraffin
- Turpentine
- Sand
- Glass
- Plastic
- Metals (e.g., copper, iron)
| Substance | Soluble in Water | Soluble in Organic Solvents |
|---|---|---|
| Sugar | Yes | No |
| Salt (NaCl) | Yes | No |
| Oil | No | Yes |
| Iodine | No | Yes |
| Sand | No | No |
| Alcohol | Yes | Yes (partially) |
| Wax | No | Yes |
- Temperature: Solubility typically increases as temperature rises. However, for gases, the solubility decreases as temperature increases.
- Pressure: Pressure does not affect the solubility of solids, but it does increase the solubility of gases. The higher the pressure, the more gas can dissolve in a liquid.
- Size of Particles: Smaller particles are generally more soluble than larger particles. For example, finely crushed salt dissolves more easily than salt with large crystals.
- Nature of Solvents: Different solvents dissolve different substances to varying degrees. For instance, salt dissolves easily in water but not in kerosene.
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