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Music is organized sound, which has some pattern. Music uses certain frequencies or combinations of frequencies called the musical scale to produce sounds that are generally appealing to the human ear.
The musical sounds produced by different musical instruments have distinct properties that are used to describe them. These include loudness, pitch and timbre:
- Loudness: is the intensity of the sound, which is the perceptual property. It is determined by the amplitude of sound wave and the number of auditory nerves activated by sound wave
- Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based on the frequency of sound wave vibration.
- Timbre is the tone quality of sound produced by an instrument. It is referred to as sound quality or sound color and it is a perceptual property.
Musical instruments are the device constructed or modified for the purpose of making music. They are categorized into three categories:
- Wind Instruments: This class of musical instruments requires you to blow into a specific wind instrument by following an order to ensure that the sound that you desire is produced. The instruments can be expected to work depending on the principles of frequencies, sound waves, acoustics, resonance and harmonics.
- Percussion Instruments: These instruments require you to strike the surface of the instrument to generate vibrations to produce your desired note. Percussion instruments can actually be divided into two types. The first type includes tuned instruments that are known to produce a definite pitch or a series of different pitches.
- String Instruments: These are composed of those instruments that work based on sound wave vibrations produced by strings. The pitch that can be produced by these instruments is dependent on the length of air column and the type and thickness of strings used.
Stationary wave
Is a wave in a medium in which each point on the axis of the wave has an associated constant amplitude
This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the opposite direction to the wave, or it can arise in a stationary medium because of interference between two waves traveling in opposite directions.
Nodes
Are the locations at which the amplitude is minimum.
Antinodes
Are the locations where the amplitude is maximum.
Fundamental note is the lowest resonant frequency of a vibrating object. Most vibrating objects have more than one resonant frequency and those used in musical instruments typically vibrate at harmonics of the fundamental.
A harmonic is defined as an integer (whole number), n multiple of the fundamental frequency. Vibrating strings, open cylindrical air columns, and conical air columns will vibrate at all harmonics of the fundamental.
Overtone
An overtone is any frequency higher than the fundamental frequency of a sound. Using the model of Fourier analysis, the fundamental and the overtones together are called partials.
Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when a given system is driven by another vibrating system or external force to oscillate with greater amplitude at a specific preferential frequency.
Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum are known as the system's resonant frequencies, or resonance frequencies.
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