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A wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location.
Example of a wave. When the slinky is stretched from end to end and is held at rest, it assumes a natural position known as the equilibrium or rest position.
The coils of the slinky naturally assume this position, spaced equally far apart. To introduce a wave into the slinky, the first particle is displaced or moved from its equilibrium or rest position. The particle might be moved upwards or downwards, forwards or backwards; but once moved, it is returned to its original equilibrium or rest position.
A pulse is a single disturbance moving through a medium from one location to another location.
A medium is a substance or material that carries the wave.
The diagram transverse wave
A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium are displaced in a direction perpendicular to the direction of energy transport.
The crest of a wave is the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of positive or upward displacement from the rest position.
The trough of a wave is the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of negative or downward displacement from the rest position.
The amplitude of a wave refers to the maximum amount of displacement of a particle on the medium from its rest position. In a sense, the amplitude is the distance from rest to crest. Similarly, the amplitude can be measured from the rest position to the trough position.
The wavelength of a wave is simply the length of one complete wave cycle. the wavelength of a wave can be measured as the distance from a point on a wave to the corresponding point on the next cycle of the wave.
A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium are displaced in a direction parallel to the direction of energy transport. A longitudinal wave can be created in a slinky if the slinky is stretched out horizontally and the end coil is vibrated back-and-forth in a horizontal direction.
A compression is a point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is traveling that has the maximum density. A region where the coils are spread apart, thus maximizing the distance between coils, is known as a
A rarefaction is a point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is traveling that has the minimum density. Points A, C and E on the diagram above represent compressions and points B, D, and F represent rarefactions.
The frequency, (f) of a wave refers to how often the particles of the medium vibrate when a wave passes through the medium. it is reasonable that the quantity frequency would have units of cycles/second, waves/second, vibrations/second, or something/second. Another unit for frequency is the Hertz (abbreviated Hz)
Period, (T) refers to the time that it takes to do something. The period of a wave is the time for a particle on a medium to make one complete vibrational cycle. Period, being a time, is measured in units of time such as seconds, hours, days or years.
The speed of an object refers to how fast an object is moving and is usually expressed as the distance traveled per time of travel. The SI unit of speed is m/s.
The wave equation shows the relationship between speed, wavelength and frequency of a wave.
The diagrams below show several "snapshots" of the production of a wave within a rope. The motion of the disturbance along the medium after every one-fourth of a period is depicted. Observe that in the time it takes from the first to the last snapshot, the hand has made one complete back-and-forth motion.
In a time of one period, the wave has moved a distance of one wavelength. Combining this information with the equation for speed (speed = distance/time), it can be said that the speed of a wave is also the wavelength/period.
Since the period is the reciprocal of the frequency, the expression 1/f can be substituted into the above equation for period. Rearranging the equation yields a new equation of the form:
Speed = Wavelength • Frequency. The above equation is known as the wave equation. It states the mathematical relationship between the speed (v) of a wave and its wavelength (λ) and frequency (f). Using the symbols v, λ, and f,
The equation can be rewritten as
- Mechanical Waves
- Electromagnetic Waves
Mechanical waves are also called elastic waves as their propagation depends on the elastic properties of the medium through which the waves pass
Mechanical waves are divided into three categories:
- Transverse waves
- Longitudinal waves
- Surface waves.
Transverse waves, Is the medium moves perpendicular to the wave direction
Longitudinal waves, Is the medium moves parallel to the wave direction.
Surface waves, both transverse and longitudinal waves mix in a single medium.
Examples of mechanical waves are Sound waves, Water waves, Ocean waves, Earth quake waves, Seismic waves
Electromagnetic waves are waves that have no medium to travel whereas mechanical waves need a medium for its transmission. Examples of electromagnetic waves include light and radio signals.
The following are the differences between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
- Electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum whereas mechanical waves do not.
- The mechanical waves need a medium like water, air, or anything for it to travel.
- While an electromagnetic wave is called just a disturbance, a mechanical wave is considered a periodic disturbance.
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