The Rise of Social and Welfare Associations

1. Colonial exploitation.
2. Colonial discrimination.
3. Poor working conditions.
4. Low payment. Forced labor.
5. Land alienation.

1. These were churches which were made by Africans out of churches formed by Missionaries.
2. They opposed European church leaders who discriminated African church leadership and despise African customs like polygamy and female circumcision.
3. They also opposed land alienation, forced labor, involvement of Africans in European wars.

1. Kikuyu independent church formed in 1929 by David Maina (Kenya)
2. Religion of spirit –"Dini ya masambwa" formed by Elijah Masinde which opposed colonialism and foreign religion (Kenya).
3. Watch tower church and African National church-Tanzania.
4. Province Industrial Mission Church formed by John Chilembwe in Malawi.

1. Missionaries didn't value and accommodate African ways of worship.
2. Africans regarded Missionaries as agents of colonialism.
3. Africans were upset by Missionary teachings which were against African traditions and customs.
4. Colonial exploitation such as forced labor, taxation and discrimination in the provision of social services.

1. Drew attention to African grievance e.g. political and social injustices.
2. Stimulated moral and courage towards fighting for National independence.
3. Helped to convey message of freedom.
4. Created unity to all Africans to fight for their rights.
5. Made Africans aware of European exploitation.

1. They lacked enough funds because they depended on few followers' contributions.
2. They faced constant competition from Missionaries for followers.
3. They faced strong opposition from the missionaries and colonial government. African church leaders were arrested and some churches were closed.
4. They lacked well trained personnel to run the church efficiently.

These were formed by workers to address their grievances such as low education, low wages, poor health facilities, lack of representatives in local council and discrimination at working places.

1. Tanganyika Territory civil servant Association (T.T.C.S.A)
2. Formed in 1922 in Tanga by Martin Kayamba.
3. African association 1929 which became TAA- 1948 Kenya.
4. Young Kavirondo association formed by students lead by their teacher Jonathan Okwir.
5. Kikuyu central association formed in 1924 by Joseph Kangethe.

Its demands were:

1. To end land alienation and discrimination.
2. To allow Africans to grow cotton and coffee.
3. It condemned missionary church which prevents female circumcision. In 1928 Jomo Kenyatta became its secretary.
4. These demanded abolition of Kipande system, decrease hut and poll tax, exclude women in taxation and eliminate force labor.

These were ethnic organizations formed by members of a certain tribe to address specific grievances in the tribe such as:

• Poor health
• Education
• Absence of representatives in local council

1. These were formed by farmers to air their grievances, e.g. low prices for their crops.
2. Examples include:

• Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association formed by Joseph Merinyo in 1925
• Kikuyu Association
• The Young Buganda Association founded in 1920