Mada za sehemu hiiExcretionMada 4
- Introduction
- Sources of excretory products
- Importance of the excretory system
- The Human Excretory System
Function
The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products, including urea, salts, chemicals, and excess water. They regulate the body's fluid balance and remove toxins.
Structure
Each kidney is bean-shaped and located behind the stomach. There are two kidneys—one on the left side and one on the right side of the body.
- Renal Artery: Blood rich in oxygen and waste products enters the kidneys through the renal artery.
- Renal Vein: After filtering, clean blood is returned to the body through the renal vein.
Human kidney system
Process
- Blood enters the kidneys and passes through tiny structures called nephrons. Nephrons filter the blood, removing waste products like urea and excess salts and water.
- The filtered waste is collected and passed into the ureter. The ureter is a tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine.
- When the bladder is full, urine is expelled from the body through the urethra.
Disorders
- Kidney stones: Hard deposits form and block urine flow.
- UTI (Urinary Tract Infection): Infections that affect kidney function.
- Kidney failure: Can be caused by diseases, infection, or dehydration, leading to a decrease in kidney function.
Symptoms
- Back pain
- Blood in urine
- Swelling
- Changes in urine color are common signs of kidney problems.
Function
The lungs remove carbon dioxide and water vapor produced during cellular respiration.
Process
- Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and diffuses into the bloodstream. This oxygen is carried to cells to help release energy from food.
- Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of energy production, is carried by the blood back to the lungs, where it is exhaled.
Disorders
- Asthma: A condition that causes difficulty breathing.
- Lung cancer: Affects the lungs and makes it harder to excrete carbon dioxide.
- Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that affects the lungs.
Function
The skin is the body's largest organ, and it excretes waste products through sweat. This helps in temperature regulation and waste removal.
Structure
The skin has sweat glands that produce sweat, which contains water, salts, and small amounts of urea.
Structure of human skin
Disorders
- Skin cancer: Can block sweat ducts, preventing sweating.
- Acne: A skin disorder that can block pores and prevent sweat from being excreted properly.
Function
The liver detoxifies harmful substances like ammonia, alcohol, and drugs. It also processes and breaks down old red blood cells.
Process
- The liver removes toxic substances from the blood and converts ammonia into urea.
- The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and helps with digestion. Bile pigments are excreted in feces, which give stool its color.
Structure of human liver
Disorders
- Liver failure: Caused by alcohol abuse, certain drugs, or viral infections. This leads to the liver's inability to process toxins properly.
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