To open the calculator in Windows 10:

1. Click the Start Menu.
2. Select the Calculator from the available apps.

Figure 1.2: Start Menu showing Calculator

The Windows 10 calculator has four primary modes:

1. Standard Mode
2. Programmer Mode
3. Scientific Mode
4. Statistics Mode

You can access different modes from the calculator's option menu.

Standard mode

This mode is selected by default when you open the calculator. It allows basic arithmetic operations and simple calculations using your mouse or keyboard.

Figure 1.3: Standard mode of the computer's calculator

Programmer mode

This mode provides access to number bases such as binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. You can also perform bitwise operations like AND, OR, and XOR.

To switch to this mode, open the calculator menu and select Programmer.

Figure 1.4: Programmer mode of the calculator

Scientific mode

This mode simulates a non-programmable scientific calculator. It includes functions like trigonometry, logarithms, powers, factorials, and more.

Select Scientific from the calculator menu to activate this mode.

Figure 1.5: Scientific mode of the calculator

Statistics mode

In this mode, you can enter data values and perform statistical operations like mean, variance, standard deviation, and summation.

Use mouse or keyboard to enter values and operations, and click the equals sign to get results.

Figure 1.6: Statistics mode of the calculator

A dataset is a collection of numerical values used for statistical analysis. In the Statistics mode of the Windows calculator, you can easily create and analyze datasets.

Steps to create a dataset

1. Open the calculator and switch to Statistics Mode from the menu.
2. Click a number (e.g., 23) to input a data point.
3. Click the Add (+) button to insert the value into the dataset.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all the values in your data set.

Each time you press the Add button, the value is included in the dataset, and the Count updates to reflect the total number of entries.

Performing operations

After entering all values:

• Click Sum to calculate the total of all values.
• Click Mean to find the average.
• Click Standard Deviation ($\sigma$ or $\sigma_n$) to measure dispersion.

The results will appear at the bottom of the dataset list.

Clearing data

• C button: Deletes the current value before clicking Add.
• CAD button: Clears the entire dataset.

Besides basic and scientific calculations, the Windows calculator includes a range of measurement converters. These tools allow you to convert between units such as:

1. Mass (e.g., grams to kilograms)
2. Time (e.g., seconds to minutes)
3. Volume (e.g., liters to milliliters)
4. Length/Distance (e.g., meters to miles)
5. Temperature (e.g., Celsius to Fahrenheit)
6. Light Intensity
7. Weight

These features make the Windows calculator more powerful than standard hand-held scientific calculators.