To open the calculator in Windows 10:

1. Click the Start menu.
2. Select the Calculator from the available apps.

Figure 1.2: Start Menu showing Calculator

The Windows 10 calculator has four primary modes:

1. Standard Mode
2. Programmer Mode
3. Scientific Mode
4. Statistics Mode

You can access different modes from the calculator's option menu.

Standard mode

This mode is selected by default when you open the calculator. It allows basic arithmetic operations and simple calculations using your mouse or keyboard.

Figure 1.3: Standard mode of the computer's calculator

Programmer mode

This mode provides access to number bases such as binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. You can also perform bitwise operations like AND, OR, and XOR.

To switch to this mode, open the calculator menu and select Programmer.

Figure 1.4: Programmer mode of the calculator

Scientific mode

This mode simulates a non-programmable scientific calculator. It includes functions like trigonometry, logarithms, powers, factorials, and more.

Select Scientific from the calculator menu to activate this mode.

Figure 1.5: Scientific mode of the calculator

Statistics mode

In this mode, you can enter data values and perform statistical operations like mean, variance, standard deviation, and summation.

Use mouse or keyboard to enter values and operations, and click the equals sign to get results.

Figure 1.6: Statistics mode of the calculator

A dataset is a collection of numerical values used for statistical analysis. In the Statistics mode of the Windows calculator, you can easily create and analyze datasets.

Steps to create a dataset

1. Open the calculator and switch to Statistics Mode from the menu.
2. Click a number (e.g., 23) to input a data point.
3. Click the Add (+) button to insert the value into the dataset.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all the values in your data set.

Each time you press the Add button, the value is included in the dataset, and the Count updates to reflect the total number of entries.

Performing operations

After entering all values:

• Click Sum to calculate the total of all values.
• Click Mean to find the average.
• Click Standard Deviation ($\sigma$ or $\sigma_n$) to measure dispersion.

The results will appear at the bottom of the dataset list.

Clearing data

• C button: Deletes the current value before clicking Add.
• CAD button: Clears the entire dataset.

Besides basic and scientific calculations, the Windows calculator includes a range of measurement converters. These tools allow you to convert between units such as:

1. Mass (e.g., grams to kilograms)
2. Time (e.g., seconds to minutes)
3. Volume (e.g., liters to milliliters)
4. Length/Distance (e.g., meters to miles)
5. Temperature (e.g., Celsius to Fahrenheit)
6. Light Intensity
7. Weight

These features make the Windows calculator more powerful than standard hand-held scientific calculators.

A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application program for organizing, analyzing, and storing data. The program operates on data represented as cells of an array organized in rows and columns. Each cell of the array may contain either numeric or text data.

The results from the formulae can automatically be calculated and displayed in the other cell within the worksheet. Microsoft Excel is one of the spreadsheet programs offered in the Microsoft Office software package. This program allows the user to perform calculations such as average, addition, subtraction, and maximum and minimum values of numbers. In addition, Microsoft Excel can be used to create histograms, pie charts, and plot graphs of any function.

To start Microsoft Excel on a Windows 10 computer (using Microsoft Office 2016):

1. Click the Start menu.
2. Select Microsoft Office.
3. Click Microsoft Excel.

The Excel interface will display a grid of cells where data can be entered. Each cell is identified by its column letter and row number, such as A1 for column A, row 1. The name of the selected cell appears in the Name Box.

Entering data in Excel

To enter data:

• Click on a cell (e.g., A1).
• Type the value you want to enter.
• Use arrow keys or your mouse to move to other cells.

Follow the steps below to input and analyze scores:

1. Enter the following scores into a column in Excel: 30, 50, 60, 70, 25, 80, 20, 50, 40, 90, 30, 70.
2. Sort the data in descending order.
3. Calculate the following:
   • Sum of all scores
   • Average score
   • Maximum score
   • Minimum score
4. Document the steps used to insert, sort, and analyze the data.
5. Discuss and share your findings with other students for comparison.

Note: For easy manipulation, enter the data in a single column (e.g., cells A1 to A12).

To sort data:

1. Select the range of data you want to sort.
2. Go to the Home tab.
3. Click on the Sort button.
4. Select either Sort Ascending or Sort Descending.

To calculate the Sum or Average of your data:

1. Select the range of numeric cells.
2. Click on the AutoSum button (Σ) from the toolbar.
3. Choose Sum or Average from the dropdown list.
4. The result will appear in the cell immediately below (or next to) your data range.

Before creating any formula in Excel, it is important for the user to understand the basic symbols used in formulas. These symbols represent fundamental arithmetic operations and are essential for defining correct formulas.

Symbol	Meaning
+	Addition
− or -	Subtraction
∗ or × or *	Multiplication
÷ or /	Division
^	Exponent (Power)

To perform addition in Excel, the formula must begin with an equal sign (=). This signals to Excel that a formula is being entered. The general syntax for addition is:

$= \text{term}_1 + \text{term}_2 + \ldots$

For example, to add the values in cells A1 and B1, follow these steps:

1. Click on the cell where you want the result to appear.
2. Type the equal sign (=).
3. Click on the cell A1 (the first number).
4. Type the addition sign (+).
5. Click on the cell B1 (the second number).
6. Press the Enter key to calculate and display the sum.

As you follow these steps, Excel creates the formula and displays it in the formula bar (also called the fx area). The formula will look like this:

=A1+B1

Figure 1.11: Cell selection and formula display in the formula bar.

The cell where you type the formula acts as a reference point. If you want to apply the same formula to adjacent cells or rows, you can use the AutoFill feature:

• Select the cell containing the formula.
• Move the cursor to the bottom-right corner of the selected cell until a small + symbol appears.
• Click, hold, and drag the cursor down over the cells where you want to apply the formula.
• Release the mouse button; Excel will automatically adjust the cell references and apply the formula to the selected cells.

Figure 1.12: Using AutoFill to apply the sum formula from A1 and B1 to multiple rows.

Example 1.18: Evaluating expressions in Excel

Use Excel to evaluate the following expressions:

1. $(12 + 6) \times 4$
2. $\frac{(40 - 35) \times (4 \times 250)}{3 \times 5}$

Solution:

Evaluating $(12 + 6) \times 4$ in Excel

1. Enter the numbers 12, 6, and 4 in three consecutive cells, for example A1, B1, and C1.
2. In the desired result cell, enter the formula:= (A1 + B1) * C1
3. Press Enter to calculate the value.

Figure 1.13(a): Entering the formula =(A1+B1)*C1 in Excel.

Figure 1.13(b): The result obtained in Excel is 72.

Note: The result of the calculation $(12 + 6) \times 4 = 72$.

Evaluating $\frac{(40 - 35) \times (4 \times 250)}{3 \times 5}$ in Excel

1. Enter the numbers 40, 35, 3, 4, 5, and 250 into six cells, for example A2 through F2.
2. Write the formula representing the expression as follows:= ((A2 - B2) * (D2 * F2)) / (C2 * E2)
3. Press Enter to get the result.

Figure 1.14(a): Entering the formula in Excel for part (b).

Figure 1.14(b): The result obtained in Excel for part (b) is 333.33.

Note: Using the values given, the calculated result is approximately 333.33.

Important: The symbols +, −, ∗, ÷, and ^ must be correctly used in Excel formulas to ensure accurate results.