Mada za sehemu hiiCell Structure And OrganizationMada 2
- The Concept of Cell
- Cell Differentiation
Cells have different functions and features that make them better suited to carry out these functions. This is called cell differentiation.
Most living things are made up of many structurally and physiologically adapted different kinds of cells.
These cells perform specific function and this is referred to as cell specialization.
Cell differentiation refers to the way cells are adapted so that they can carry out function efficiently.
A tissue is a group of similar cells performing the same function. Basically there are two types of tissue.
Animal tissue e.g. epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, blood tissue, nerve tissue, skin tissue.
Plant tissue e.g. meristematic tissue, parenchyma tissue, collenchyma tissue, vascular tissue(xylem tissue, phloem tissue).
Examples of animal tissues
An organ is a functional unit formed by a group of specialized tissue.
Animal organ: - heart, kidney, liver, brain, lung, stomach
Plant organ: - roots, leaves, flower, stem
flower
System is made up of organs that work together to perform a certain function.
Examples of system are Respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, hormonal system, skeletal system and blood circulatory system, nervous system.
An organism is the individual living organism e.g. Animal and Plant.
An organism is made up of different systems working together therefore there is special Tissue
Organization from the cell → tissue → organ → system → Organism
The human blood circulatory system
Cell differentiations leads to division of labour.
Division of labour means each cell does a specific function. This helps the body to carry out all life processes at the same time and more efficiently.
To achieve this, cells must become specialized to carry out special functions.
White blood cell (WBC) can change their shape to engulf and destroy harmful pathogen.
White blood cell
Red blood cell (RBC) for transporting oxygen (they are biconcave and lack nucleus)
Red blood cell
Sperm cell – Fertilizes the female egg (have tails for swim pointed head for easy penetration)
Sperm cell
Root hair cells – for absorb water and mineral salts (have extended portion helps to increase surface area for absorption)
Root hair cell
Guard cell – control the opening and closing of stomata (the inner wall is thinker than outer)
Guard cells of stomata
Palisade cell – are adapted for photosynthesis
A palisade cell
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