Mada za sehemu hiiTransportation Of Materials In Living ThingsMada 11
The ABO system
- ABO grouping: Blood grouping is based on the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B on the membranes of red blood cells, and antibody A and antibody B in the blood plasma.
- Agglutination risk: A person cannot have both an antigen and the corresponding antibody (e.g., antigen A and antibody A). This can lead to agglutination (clumping of red blood cells), which is harmful and can be fatal.
Blood group summary
| Blood Group | Antigen on RBC | Antibody in Plasma |
|---|---|---|
| A | A | A |
| B | B | B |
| AB | A and B | None |
| O | None | A and B |
Rhesus factor
- Rhesus factor: First observed in the Rhesus monkey, it indicates the presence or absence of a specific antigen on the red blood cell membrane.
- Rh+: Rhesus positive (antigen present)
- Rh-: Rhesus negative (antigen absent)
- Impact on pregnancy: If a Rh- mother carries a Rh+ child, her immune system may produce antibodies against the Rh factor, risking hemolytic disease of the newborn in subsequent pregnancies.
- Definition: Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood from a donor to a recipient, often needed due to blood loss or disorders.
- Blood compatibility: Blood must be compatible between the donor and recipient. If incompatible, agglutination occurs, which can be fatal.
Blood compatibility table
| Donor's Blood Group | Recipient's Blood Group |
|---|---|
| A | A, AB |
| B | B, AB |
| AB | AB |
| O | A, B, AB, O |
- Universal recipients: Blood group AB can receive blood from any group but can only donate to AB.
- Universal donors: Blood group O can donate to all blood types but can only receive blood from O.
Rhesus factor and transfusion
- Rh compatibility: If Rh+ blood is transfused to an Rh- person, the recipient's body will produce Rhesus antibodies. A second transfusion could cause severe agglutination, which may be fatal.
- Ensure blood compatibility with the ABO group and Rhesus factor.
- Screen the donor's blood for pathogens such as HIV, AIDS, syphilis, and hepatitis.
- Use anticoagulants to prevent clotting in the donated blood.
- Storage: Blood is stored in special bags and kept in refrigerators for up to 21 days before expiration.
- Rapid blood replacement: Useful in cases of severe blood loss due to surgery or accidents.
- Treatment for disorders: Blood transfusions can treat conditions like sickle-cell anemia.
- Reactions: A transfusion may cause a reaction if the donor and recipient blood are not compatible.
- Risk of infections: Transfused blood may carry infections, despite screening efforts.
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